Emissions
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Emissions Articles
Below is a list of articles that have been published on this topic.
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Challenging Emissions
Air Quality Impacts of Shale Gas Extraction
The arrival of commercial shale gas exploration in Europe, on the back of its success in the United States, has already proven controversial. There are large reserves and its successful production is likely to be welcomed in terms of its impact on energy supply and prices. In the Unites States (US) gas prices have dropped by almost an order of magnitude over recent years, and continue to drop - a very different picture to that experienced in Europe until recently.
Measuring Our Environment [Mar 2012]
Jane Burston of the National Physical Laboratory explains why the development of a measurement infrastructure is vital to mitigating climate change. Measurement is a fundamental part of our everyday lives. From medical treatment, to sending documents over email and international trading, many of the things we take for granted today would not be able to operate without measurement. As new challenges and technologies arise, the measurement infrastructure needs to stay one step ahead.
Gas Detection Technology
Enormous quantities of greenhouse gases (GHG) exist within Arctic ice and frozen soils, so with the threat of global warming, a clear understanding of the relationship between GHG in the atmosphere and in the ice/soil is vital, because melting of permafrost could cause a dangerous climate tipping point.
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Gas Chromatography Sampling Emissions
The government’s Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 sets national air quality standards to protect human health, and is the main policy instrument for improving air quality. Policies set out in the strategy support the achievement of national air quality objectives and EU air quality limit values.
Emissions Monitoring
This work sets out to determine the extent to which the economic value of power generation from landfill gas differs from the market value of the CO2 equivalent landfill gas. To achieve this purpose, a cost-benefit model has been created in order to identify the different costs and revenues associated with a landfill operational site. Three different scenarios have been analysed: small, medium and large landfill sites, all of them based in the UK.
Air Quality - an Overview
Today the battle is focused on the local scale. The concentration of pollutants formed from the product of combustion can be accurately predicted, their sources are so many; the effects of more toxic species, heavy metals for example, are harder to monitor as their concentration can vary wildly, both spatially and temporally.
Chromatography - The Science of Separation [Jun 2010]
Chromatography is the science of separation, with the analyte of interest being in a mobile phase, passing through a series of stationary phases. This allows the analyte to be isolated for quantification through a wide variety of techniques. This article looks at how chromatography is used to separate the noble gas krypton from air.
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Environmental Monitoring Standards and Methods - Selection of standards for emission monitoring
With the increasing requirement for the installation of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) it is important that capital investment is protected and that instrumentation gives reliable, meaningful and repeatable data. Fitting MCERTS-approved equipment is one element but it is extremely important that the system is verified. The verification process requires the use of standard reference methods to underpin the data.
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
The topic of monitoring stationary sources emissions is very broad and many books have been published on the subject. This article is aimed at giving an overview of some of the techniques employed.
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
Air pollution is an important issue of concern to the general public as exposure to low levels of some toxic species emitted by industrial processes may be hazardous to human health or impact adversely on the environment. This article describes how the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), a National Measurement Institute (NMI) in the UK supported by the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS), has been involved in assisting Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the development of the next generation of novel continuous emissions monitors (CEMs).
Air Emission Monitoring
The effects of the EU Directives are being felt by all involved in the majority of industry. One of the key elements of the directives is the requirement for quality monitoring data not only for compliance testing but also for calibration of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS).
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Continuous Particulate Emissions Monitoring
The subject of Continuous Particulate emission monitoring to satisfy regulatory requirements is of relatively new interest as a result of recent changes in legislation. Historically regulators were concerned with the visual impact of the discharge from a stack and therefore emission limits were expressed in terms of colour or opacity. However with the advent of emission limits for a process being defined in terms of mass concentration (expressed in mg/ m3) the issue of continuous particulate monitoring has become a new and growing regulatory requirement.
Principles of Landfill Odour Emission and Control
Throughout most countries in Europe by far the greatest proportion of waste is disposed of to landfill. In the UK this represents approximately 83% of all waste disposed. Odours from landfill represent the single highest cause of complaint from waste management processes in the UK. These concerns also represent one of the most commonly cited reasons for refusal of extensions and applications for landfill operations. So is this a problem that we should be concerned with or an issue that will fade away as our dependency on landfill reduces and new technologies contribute to managing waste.
An Introduction to Carbon Trading
The international market for carbon credits grew in value to an estimated US $30 billion in 2006, three times greater than the previous year, it is predicted that demand will grow as countries in the developed world are unlikely to meet their Kyoto target of reducing their GHG emissions by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012.
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
There has never been such a wide range of analysers and systems available for continuous emissions monitoring from industrial processes as there is today. In the UK there are many manufacturers and distributors offering CEMS (continuous emissions monitoring systems) using a variety of technologies. These include Ultraviolet (UV) and Infrared (IR) absorption, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), chemiluminescence and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for gaseous species as well as various techniques for particulate monitors.
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Combustion and Emissions Monitoring
The MCERTS (Monitoring Certification) scheme, possibly the most developed quality assurance scheme for environmental emissions monitoring in the world, was developed to ensure quality environmental monitoring data was generated for the largest and most polluting sites. However, the obvious benefits of the scheme has ensured that it is becoming the minimum standard demanded by many smaller site operators and is being adopted beyond the UK.
Accounting For Industrial Emissions
The EU ETS Monitoring and Reporting Guidelines are undergoing revision in anticipation of the second compliance cycle of Directive 2003/87/EC - the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading scheme, which starts in 2008. This article highlights the changes introduced that call for standardisation (i.e. ISO, CEN, and BS standards), these relate mainly to the future expansion of emissions trading to non-CO2 GHGs and new industries. In particular, the opportunities offered to international standards makers to assist the successful extension of mass emissions trading to wider geographical scales.
Gas Detection In The Environment
Awareness of air pollution issues is everywhere
Problems with Pitots Reporting Emissions
Reliable and accurate measurements of gas flows in stacks underpin the monitoring of emissions. Flow measurement, however has often been the poor relation in stack sampling. The measurement of flow has significant impact on stack emissions monitoring in a number of ways. In addition to enabling concentration measurements to be converted to emission fluxes, flow measurement is also necessary to demonstrate that the gas flow profile in the stack meets the requirements of the method. The most routinely used stack and duct gas flow monitoring techniques are based on the use of Pitot tubes. Pitot tube measurements are also used to enable isokinetic sampling to be achieved and verified. Issues with Pitot tube measurements can therefore result in significant errors in reported emissions.
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Emissions Trading
The formulation of a market needs a buyer and a seller and, at times, due to high transaction costs, a specialised broker.
Gas Detectors
Gas detectors do 'exactly what it says on the tin' – they detect the presence, and in many cases levels, of gases.
Current Issues
